Tag Archive for: Masters Law Group

The Ultimate Guide to Understanding Hague Convention Law

International parental child abduction cases are fraught with complexity and emotional turmoil, presenting significant challenges for the families involved. The Hague Convention is a multilateral treaty that provides an expeditious method to return a child internationally abducted by a parent from one member country to another.

The Hague Convention is a treaty that many countries, including the United States, have joined.

The purposes of the Convention are to protect children from the harmful effects of international abduction by a parent by encouraging the prompt return of abducted children to their country of habitual residence and to organize or secure the effective rights of access to a child. The idea is that custody and visitation matters should generally be decided by the proper court in the country of the child’s habitual residence.

Here, we will delve into the fundamental aspects of the Hague Convention Law and the safeguards it provides for families.

Understanding the Hague Convention

The Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (“The Hague Convention”) was enacted into law through the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (“ICARA”), which provides that a parent whose child has been wrongfully removed from or retained in the United States may petition for the child’s return to his or her country of habitual residence.

What kinds of cases fall under the Hague Abduction Convention?

Filing a case under the Convention does not guarantee that your child will be returned. To obtain the return of your child through a Hague proceeding, you must first be able to demonstrate:

  • That your child was habitually resident in one Convention country, and was wrongfully removed to or retained in another Convention country;
  • The removal or retention of your child is considered wrongful if it was in violation of your custodial rights, and you were exercising those rights at the time of the removal or retention, or you would have been exercising them but for the removal or retention.
  • The Convention must have been in force between the two countries when the wrongful removal or retention occurred (the dates are different for every country); (Note: In many  instances, when a country accedes to the Convention, it is not automatically partners with all of the other countries who have ratified or acceded to the Convention.  Countries must accept another county’s accession to the Convention under the terms described in the Convention before a treaty partnership is created.
  • The child is under the age of 16.

By comprehending the various aspects of the Hague Convention, we can gain a deeper understanding of its significance and impact. Let’s delve into the different components of this essential international framework.

The Role of Central Authority

Each signatory country designates a Central Authority as a point of contact for international child abduction cases. The Central Authority is crucial in facilitating communication and cooperation between countries involved in resolving these cases. 

  • Communication: The Central Authority is a liaison between the left-behind parent and the foreign country where the child has been wrongfully removed or retained. They work closely with other countries to exchange information, coordinate legal proceedings, and ensure effective communication.
  • Receiving and Processing Applications: When a parent seeks the return of their child under the Hague Convention, they apply to their home country’s Central Authority. The Central Authority receives and processes these applications, verifying their completeness and compliance with the requirements of the Convention.
  • Initiating Legal Proceedings: Once the Central Authority receives a complete application, they initiate legal proceedings in the foreign country where the child is located. They work with the Central Authority of the foreign country to provide documentation to support the case for the child’s return.
  • Information and Guidance: The Central Authority helps parents through legal procedures and obligations under the Hague Convention, ensuring that parents are well-informed throughout the process.
  • International Cooperation: Central Authorities also engage in international cooperation to enhance the effectiveness of the Hague Convention. They participate in conferences, meetings, and training programs to exchange knowledge, share best practices, and strengthen the global network of Central Authorities.

Remember that the specific functions and procedures of the Central Authority may vary slightly between countries. To obtain accurate and country-specific information, it is essential to consult with your country’s Central Authority or a qualified attorney with experience in international child abduction cases.

The Return Process

The Hague Convention Law operates on several fundamental principles, prioritizing the child’s best interests throughout the decision-making process. The law emphasizes the importance of maintaining the child’s connection with both parents–unless it is not in the child’s best interests. In cases where a child has been wrongfully taken or retained in a foreign country, the Hague Law has a process for their return. The left-behind parent can apply with their Central Authority country, which will initiate legal proceedings in the country where the child is located.

While the Hague Law strongly advocates for the return of children, the abducting parent may raise defenses and exceptions. These situations can affect the child’s safety, significant psychological risks, or objection to being returned. The ultimate goal is ensuring the child’s safe return to their residence.

LEGAL ASSISTANCE AND REPRESENTATION

Parents involved in international child abduction cases should seek the assistance of an attorney experienced in the Hague Convention. These attorneys possess the necessary knowledge and experience to guide parents through the legal process and protect their rights. If you have concerns about the potential abduction of your child, it is crucial to take proactive measures to safeguard their well-being. An experienced Hague Convention lawyer can help. Your attorney may recommend several preventative measures, such as:

  1. Obtaining a custody order or parenting plan that clearly outlines each parent’s rights and responsibilities, including travel restrictions.
  2. Adding your child’s name to a watchlist to prevent unauthorized removal from the country.
  3. Obtaining a court order requires surrendering your child’s passport or imposing restrictions on international travel.
  4. Collaborating with your child’s school or daycare to establish security measures and emergency protocols.

If you have concerns about parental child abduction, promptly contacting your family law attorney is crucial. They will discuss your options with you and assist in developing a plan that prioritizes your child’s safety.

Final Thoughts

Senior attorneys Erin Masters and Anthony Joseph have extensive experience in cases involving international child custody disputes in both courts located in the State of Illinois and the United States federal court system. With our firm’s vast experience, you can trust that we will tirelessly advocate on your behalf, working diligently to achieve the best possible outcome for you and your child/children.

To showcase our competence, here are some important recent Hague decisions we have successfully handled:

If you or a loved one is facing the distressing possibility of international parental child abduction, please don’t hesitate to contact us.

Take the first step by scheduling your complimentary consultation with us today.

 

The Pros and Cons of Civil Unions

Welcome to Pride Month! Civil unions have gained significant attention as an alternative to traditional marriage. As we celebrate Pride Month, we must recognize civil unions’ role in providing legal protection for same-sex couples.

June pays tribute to the historic events of the 1969 Stonewall uprising in New York City. Courageous LGBTQ+ individuals took a stand against police brutality and discrimination, demanding justice and equal treatment for all. Pride Month showcases the progress made since Stonewall and the progress we must continue to make to secure equal rights for the LGBTQ+ community.

Despite the strides made, discrimination and violence against the LGBTQ+ community still persist. Marriage equality, in particular, remains a pressing issue at the forefront of Pride discussions. In this blog, we will examine the pros and cons of civil unions in Illinois, shedding light on their impact on individuals and society. Here’s what you should know.

Understanding Civil Unions

Before we delve deeper into the pros and cons of civil unions, it’s crucial to understand what they are. Civil unions offer a legally recognized relationship for consenting adults– regardless of sexual orientation or gender. Illinois became the first state to legalize civil unions on June 1, 2011. 

Contrary to a common misconception, civil unions are not exclusive to same-sex couples. Both same-sex and opposite-sex couples in committed relationships can enter into a civil partnership in Illinois. Partners who choose to enter into a civil union in Illinois are entitled to the same legal obligations, protections, and benefits that state law provides to married spouses. This includes matters such as:

  • Property rights
  • Healthcare decisions
  • Inheritance rights
  • Access to family-related legal protections. 

Civil unions ensure that couples, regardless of gender or sexual orientation, receive equal treatment and recognition under state law. However, it is essential to know that civil unions entered into Illinois do not carry credit under federal regulations. This means that partners in a civil union are granted limited access to the extensive obligations, protections, and benefits federal law provides to married spouses. Such federal benefits include filing joint tax returns, immigration, and social security benefits.

Understanding the distinction between state and federal recognition is vital for couples considering a civil union in Illinois. While civil unions afford important legal protections at the state level, they may need national recognition and the accompanying benefits and responsibilities. By comprehending the scope and limitations, individuals can make informed decisions about their legal relationships. It’s always best practice to seek legal advice to fully understand the implications and potential consequences. Let’s look at the pros and cons of civil unions in Illinois.

Pros of Civil Unions in Illinois

Legal Recognition and Protection

One of the most significant advantages of civil unions is the legal recognition they offer to couples. This legal recognition helps to ensure equality and fairness for all teams, regardless of their sexual orientation. In Illinois, civil unions provide couples with a wide array of rights and protections, including hospital visitation rights, inheritance rights, access to health insurance coverage, and the ability to make medical decisions for one’s partner. 

Financial Benefits

Civil unions grant couples in Illinois the same state-level benefits and responsibilities as married couples. This includes tax benefits, sharing health insurance policies, and eligibility for spousal benefits, such as Social Security survivor benefits. These financial advantages can significantly impact the lives of couples, providing them with economic security and stability.

Parental Rights

Civil unions also offer crucial parental rights to same-sex couples in Illinois. Through a civil union, both partners can be recognized as legal parents to any children born or adopted during the union. This ensures both parents have equal rights and responsibilities in raising their children, providing a more secure and stable family environment.

Cons of Civil Unions in Illinois:

Limited Federal Recognition

While civil unions provide legal recognition at the state level, they are not recognized federally. This means that couples in civil unions may not be entitled to certain federal benefits and protections that married couples enjoy, such as access to federal tax benefits and immigration benefits. This lack of national recognition can create disparities and challenges for couples, especially regarding immigration and federal taxes.

Social Stigma and Perception

Despite the progress in achieving legal recognition, civil unions may still face social stigma and discrimination. Some individuals and institutions may need to fully recognize or respect civil unions, leading to challenges such as employment benefits, housing, and public perception. While societal attitudes are evolving, it is essential to acknowledge that prejudice and discrimination can persist, affecting couples’ everyday lives in civil unions.

Varying Legal Protections

Although civil unions provide significant legal protections in Illinois, they may not be as comprehensive as those offered through marriage. The nuances and variations in legal recognition across different jurisdictions can create uncertainty and potential limitations for couples in civil unions, particularly if they move or travel outside the state. The lack of uniformity can lead to complications when dealing with legal matters in different contexts.

Working With A Civil Union Attorney

Establishing or dissolving a civil union can create unique challenges and legal complexities. That’s why having a knowledgeable and experienced lawyer ensures your rights and interests are protected at every step. At Masters Law Group, our attorneys have extensive experience providing professional legal representation for civil unions. Recognizing the significance of civil unions in contemporary society, we have dedicated substantial time and resources to staying informed and up-to-date in this evolving area of family law.

Whether you seek to form a civil union or find yourself in a situation where a civil union dissolution is necessary, our team is here to support you. We understand that each client’s circumstances are unique, and we take the time to listen attentively, understanding your situation comprehensively. If you require legal assistance related to civil unions, we are here to help. Discover how our personalized approach can guide you toward a successful outcome.

Community Resources

Chicago, Illinois, boasts a vibrant LGBTQ+ community with numerous resources dedicated to supporting individuals in civil unions. The Center on Halsted a comprehensive LGBTQ+ community center offering various services, including legal clinics, counseling, and support groups.

The Howard Brown Health Center also provides LGBTQ+-affirming healthcare services, including primary care, mental health services, and specialized programs for transgender and non-binary individuals. The Illinois Safe Schools Alliance focuses on creating safe and inclusive environments for LGBTQ+ youth in schools through advocacy and education. These organizations and many others in Chicago are vital in providing support, resources, and community connections for individuals in civil unions.

Final Thoughts

Civil unions in Illinois have played a vital role in providing legal recognition, rights, and protections to couples, regardless of their sexual orientation. They offer a pathway to formalize relationships and establish legal rights and responsibilities. Understanding these pros and cons is essential in fostering a more inclusive and equitable society that recognizes and supports all types of relationships.

At Masters Law Group, we are committed to providing exceptional, individualized services to clients in civil union matters. Whether you want to form a civil union or need a civil union dissolution, we will take the time to fully understand your situation and provide honest advice regarding your options. Contact us here today to schedule a consultation.

Wishing everyone a happy Pride Month from the entire team at Masters Law Group!

Mastering Hague Law With Masters

The Hague Convention protects children from international parental abduction and returns them to their home country residence. It can also include child custody conflicts when a parent or guardian resides in a different country to the home country of the child.

Going through a divorce is never easy, especially when children are involved. However, things can get even more complicated when one parent tries to take the children across international borders. Parents are often left in a legal quagmire with high stakes and convoluted laws in these cases. But you don’t have to face it alone. The Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction helps navigate these complex custody cases.

In this blog, we will delve into the details of The Hague Convention and how Masters Law Group can assist. Keep reading to discover everything you need about this crucial legal resource.

Understanding The Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

The International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA) rules how U.S. courts implement the Hague Convention. The Convention applies in cases where a child has been wrongfully removed from their habitual residence without parental consent. Hague Law establishes a Central Authority in each partner country to act as a point of contact for parents and children in international child custody cases. The Central Authority helps with the following:

  • Be the point of contact for parents and children in international child custody cases.
  • Help locate abducted children.
  • Encourage solutions that work for both parents.
  • Submit documents as part of the application are admissible in courts in partner countries.

Understanding how the Hague framework operates is crucial; let’s dive into who the Hague Convention applies to.

What Countries Are a Part of  The Hague Convention?

It’s important to note that the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction applies only to countries that have signed and ratified it. As of 2023, there are currently 91 signatory countries, but it’s essential to consult with a Hague lawyer to determine whether the Convention applies to your case.

For a full list of participating treaties, click here. 

Additionally, the Hague Convention only applies to children under the age of 16. Some signatory countries may have different age limits or apply the Convention to older children. It’s crucial to understand that the Hague Convention’s primary goal is to promote the return of wrongfully removed children to their country of habitual residence. To navigate complex legal proceedings in the country where your child habitually resides, seeking guidance from a Hague lawyer is highly recommended.

Hiring A Hague Lawyer

Attorneys experienced in The Hague Convention are crucial when it comes to navigating international child abduction. If you are concerned that your child may be at risk of abduction, it’s essential to take proactive measures to protect them. An experienced Hague Convention lawyer can help you assess the risk of abduction and develop a plan to safeguard your child’s well-being.

Some preventative measures that your attorney may recommend include:

  • Obtaining a custody order or parenting plan that specifies each parent’s rights and responsibilities, including travel restrictions.
  • You request that your child’s name be added to a watchlist to prevent them from being removed from the country without your consent.
  • Obtain a court order that requires surrendering your child’s passport or restricts international travel.
  • Establish security measures and emergency protocols by working with your child’s school or daycare.

If you are concerned about the possibility of parental child abduction, contact your family law attorney immediately to discuss your options and develop a plan that will help ensure your child’s safety.

Working With Masters Law Group

At Masters Law Group, our knowledgeable Hague lawyers are here to help you navigate the complex legal proceedings related to international child abduction, including coordinating with the Central Authority and representing you in court. Serving clients in Cook County and DuPage County Illinois, we can assist you in determining whether the Convention applies to your case – and how – based on the laws of the country where your child resides.

Our award-winning attorneys, Erin E. Masters and Anthony G. Joseph, have vast experience in international family law. You can rest assured we will work aggressively to advocate on your behalf.

As a testament to our experience, see some of our recent Hague decisions here:

If you or a loved one is facing the possibility of international parental child abduction, don’t hesitate to reach out to us. We are here to help you protect yourself and your children.

Schedule your complimentary consultation here today.

Does Divorce Affect Adoptions in Illinois?

Parents who adopt aim to give the child/children a stable, loving environment to grow up in. Couples rarely adopt children with plans to divorce. But as we know, it doesn’t always pan out that way. 

After any adoption, with respect to minor children, if the parties divorce, the adoptive parent may have the same duties and parental responsibilities in regard to child support and other issues as though the minor child was his or her natural child. Here’s what you need to know.

Different Types of Adoption in Illinois

There are four main types of minor adoption that are commonly used in Illinois:

  • Related Adoption: Also called a “kinship” adoption, occurs in a situation where the child is adopted by family members, i.e, stepparent, grandparent, sibling, or aunt and uncle. This form of adoption is often the easiest to navigate, because some procedures and requirements may be waived. 
  • Agency Adoption:  In an agency adoption, the parents receive the child from the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) or a licensed private adoption agency. The biological parents have already surrendered the child to the state or had their parental rights terminated.
  • Private Adoption: A private adoption occurs when the adoptive parents receive the child directly from the biological family. 
  • Standby Adoption: A standby adoption is a legal arrangement that becomes effective after a specific event occurs, such as the death of a biological parent.

It’s important to note that Illinois also allows for adult adoptions. Adult adoption happens when a person over 18 is adopted by loved ones they have lived with for a substantial amount of time. The adult being adopted must give consent. However, biological parents do not need to give their approval.

Impact of Divorce on Adoption

When a married couple decides to adopt a child, they typically do so together, as joint petitioners. This means that both parents are legally responsible for the child, and both must consent to any decisions regarding the child’s upbringing, education, and medical care. However, if the couple divorces before the adoption is finalized, the situation becomes more complicated.

In Illinois, the adoption process is generally governed by the Illinois Adoption Act. According to this act, if a married couple begins the adoption process and then decides to divorce before the adoption is finalized, the court must determine whether the adoption is in the best interests of the child.

The court will consider various factors when making this determination, including the child’s age, health, and well-being, as well as the ability of each parent to provide a stable and loving home for the child. If the court determines that the adoption is still in the child’s best interests, the adoption can proceed, but the non-adopting spouse will no longer be considered a legal parent of the child.

On the other hand, if the court determines that the adoption is no longer in the child’s best interests, the adoption will be terminated, and the child will remain in the care of their birth parents or legal guardians.

Impact of Divorce on Stepparent Adoption

In some cases, a stepparent may wish to adopt their spouse’s child after a divorce. This process is known as stepparent adoption, and it is subject to different rules than traditional adoption.

Under Illinois law, a stepparent may adopt their spouse’s child if the following conditions are met:

  • The stepparent is married to the child’s legal parent.
  • The child’s other legal parent has consented to the adoption or had their parental rights terminated by a court.
  • The adoption is in the best interests of the child.

If the stepparent meets these requirements, they may petition the court to adopt the child. However, if the legal parent of the child objects to the adoption, the court will have to determine whether the adoption is in the best interests of the child.

If the legal parent does not object, the adoption can proceed without the need for a court hearing, and the stepparent will become the child’s legal parent.

Conclusion

Divorce can have a significant impact on adoption proceedings in Illinois, and it is important to understand the laws and regulations that govern these situations. If you are considering adoption or are going through a divorce while in the process of adopting, it is highly recommended that you consult with an experienced family law attorney who can help guide you through the legal process and protect your rights and the best interests of the child.

At Masters Law Group, our team of skilled attorneys can help guide you through the divorce process and explain the legal implications of how adopted children could be affected.

Schedule a consultation today to begin the conversation.

4 Common Misconceptions About Family Law

Family law matters can be emotionally and mentally draining. Misconceptions about family law can further complicate the process and cause unnecessary misery for all parties involved.

Getting (and giving) bad advice is an unfortunate part of life. While the giver of the advice most probably only means well, they could be sabotaging a case legally without even knowing it.

Gain clarity and confidence in approaching family law matters, including divorce, by debunking the four most common misconceptions below. Here’s what you need to know.

MISCONCEPTION #1: IF MY SPOUSE CHEATED ON ME, THEY WILL AUTOMATICALLY GET LESS PARENTING TIME.

Illinois courts take into account various factors when making custody and parenting time decisions. All of these factors include the best interests of the child. While it can be easy to assume that infidelity will sway the court’s decision, it is important to understand that this is not necessarily the case.

The court is more likely to focus on issues like communication and the child’s relationship with each parent. Working with a professional family law attorney will help you in the long run. The court’s ultimate decision is in the best interests of your child.

MISCONCEPTION #2: THE MOTHER ALWAYS GETS PRIMARY CUSTODY OF THE CHILDREN

In Illinois, the court will consider various factors to determine what is in the child’s best interests. Some of the factors that the court may consider include:

  • The child’s age and physical and emotional needs
  • The living situation of each parent, including the child’s relationship with each parent and the home environment
  • Each parent’s ability to provide for the child’s needs, including financial and emotional support
  • The child’s adjustment to their school, community, and home life
  • The mental and physical health of the parents and the child
  • Any history of domestic violence or substance abuse in the household

In addition, the court may consider the child’s wishes if they are mature enough to express them. This generally applies to older children or teenagers, who may have a better understanding of their preferences and needs. It’s important to note that parents can create their custody agreement, which the court will review to ensure that it is fair and in the child’s best interests. This can be a less adversarial approach and can give parents more control over the outcome of their custody arrangement.

Custody decisions are complex and require careful consideration of various factors. Consulting with an experienced family law attorney can help you understand your options and make informed decisions about your child’s custody arrangement.

MISCONCEPTION #3: I WILL BE DIVORCED SOON AFTER I FILE.

In Illinois, an uncontested divorce can be granted without a waiting period as long as residency requirements are met. However, a contested divorce typically requires a six-month waiting period before it can be finalized. The duration of the divorce process in Illinois varies. Here are some of the potential factors:

  • The complexity of the case
  • The willingness of the parties to cooperate
  • The court’s caseload.

It’s important to note that the process can take longer than six months. Especially if there are significant disagreements between the parties involved. However, working with a family law attorney can help expedite the process and ensure your rights and interests are protected. An attorney can also guide options such as mediation or collaborative divorce to help resolve disputes more efficiently.

MISCONCEPTION #4: I HAVE TO GO TO COURT TO GET DIVORCED.

While some divorces may be litigated in court, alternative methods of dispute resolution are also available. These methods are used to reach a divorce settlement without the need for a court trial. Divorce Mediation is one of the most commonly used methods.

Mediation involves working with a neutral third-party mediator who can help facilitate negotiations between you and your spouse to settle. This approach includes working with your attorney, financial experts, or a mental health professional, to reach a mutually beneficial settlement. Overall, mediation can potentially be a less expensive and less time-consuming approach than going to court. 

FINAL THOUGHTS

Dealing with family law matters like divorce, child custody and parenting time can be emotionally and mentally challenging. However, having a clear understanding of the facts can make the process less daunting. If you are going through a family law issue, it’s important to consult with an experienced family law attorney. They can help guide you through the process and protect your rights.

At Masters Law Group, our award-winning attorneys and law firm have a long history of helping clients successfully navigate through various family law issues.  Our firm’s attorneys are ready to skillfully advocate for your position and provide your voice when you need it most.. 

Contact us here today.

MASTERS LAW GROUP CASE REVIEW: HAGUE CONVENTION ON CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION: Cyprus and California, USA

In one of our most recent Hague Convention cases, a child was wrongly removed from his residing home in Cyprus and taken to the United States. The attorneys at Masters Law Group succeeded in this landmark ruling in favor of our client.

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is a crucial treaty that provides a legal framework for resolving cases of international child abduction. This convention aims to ensure the prompt return of children who have been wrongfully removed or retained from their country of habitual residence.

However, navigating these complex cases can be challenging, especially without the proper legal representation. At Masters Law Group, our team of Hague-experienced attorneys understands the intricacies of this International law treaty and can provide comprehensive support to families facing international child abduction matters.

In this recent case, the husband – represented by Masters Law Group –  filed a petition for the return of his child who was taken from his residence in Cyprus to the United States by his wife – the mother of the child.  The Hague Convention provides that a parent whose child has been wrongfully removed or retained in the United States may petition for the child’s return to his or her country of habitual residence.

CASE OVERVIEW

The ex-husband filed a petition for the return of his child, a 12 year-old who was visiting his mother in the state of California. This case arises under the International Child Abduction Remedies Act. 22 U.S.C. § 9001 et seq., which implements the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. The Act entitles a person whose child has been wrongfully removed from his custody in another country and taken to the United States to petition in federal or state court for the return of the child.

In December 2022, the court held a five-day bench trial. The parties had stipulated that the 12-year old had been wrongfully retained under the convention. The trial focused on two affirmative defenses which were ‘grave risk’ and ‘mature child’ defenses.

CASE DETAILS

In this case, the child had lived most of his life in Cyprus. His father had full custody of him since his parents’ separation in 2014. Last summer of 2022, the minor came to the United States for a six-week visit with his mother in California. At the end of the visit, his father came to collect his son but was unsuccessful. The 12-year old has autism and had become determined not to return to Cyprus. Furthermore, his mother refused to turn him over when she was legally obliged to.

Nearly one week after the scheduled meet up went awry, the father filed a Hague Convention petition. The Court observed the 12-year old in chambers, where he answered questions from the Court and counsel for both sides without his parents present. The 12-year old was understandably subdued, but he was composed and calm through several hours of questions from strangers. That time observing the child, (after having had the benefit of testimony and reports from the experts) confirmed that he is on the Autism spectrum.

CASE RESULTS

Both the United States and Cyprus are signatories to the Hague Convention. It is implemented in the United States by the International Child Abduction Remedies Act. 22 U.S.C. §§ 9001 et seq. District courts have concurrent original jurisdiction over actions brought under ICARA. § 9003(a)–(b).

In adjudicating a petition under the Hague Convention, a court may only decide whether the child should be returned to their country of habitual residence. Both the treaty and the statute explicitly preclude courts from making a final custody determination.

The question at hand was where any further custody dispute over the child should play out, not whether living in one country or the other, or with one parent or the other, would be in his best interests.

Both parties agreed that Cyprus was his country of habitual residence at that time; and that the ex-husband was exercising his custody rights as entered by a Cypriot court. Dkt. No. 42. 

The final part of the Convention’s grave-risk exception states that a Court may decline to return a child if it would place the child in an “intolerable situation.” Convention art. 13(b). Exactly what beyond physical or psychological harm would constitute an “intolerable situation” is unclear. It was concluded the child’s life in Cyprus with his father was not intolerable.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the court granted the petition and ordered the child to return to Cyprus in the custody of his father. In addition, the Court will not impose a longer stay without agreement from both sides. As the Court is ordering the return of a child pursuant to an action under 22 U.S.C. § 9003, it is required to order the respondent to pay necessary expenses incurred by the petitioner—including legal fees and transportation costs related to the return of the child—unless the respondent establishes that such order would be clearly inappropriate. § 9007(b)(3).

READ THE FULL CASE REVIEW HERE

HAGUE CONVENTION – INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION LAW WITH MASTERS LAW GROUP

Erin Masters and Anthony Joseph have extensive experience in cases involving international child custody disputes in both courts located in the State of Illinois and the United States federal court system.

Erin Masters and Anthony Joseph have extensive knowledge and experience with The Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (“The Hague Convention”) that was enacted into law through the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (“ICARA”) which provides that a parent whose child has been wrongfully removed from or retained in the United States may petition for the child’s return to his or her country of habitual residence.

SCHEDULE A CONSULTATION

If you are faced with instituting or defending child abduction proceedings under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction involving the United States, work with the experienced lawyers at Masters Law Group. Contact us here today to schedule a consultation.

Chicago Divorce Attorneys: Working with Masters Law Group in 2023

If you are contemplating divorce or your spouse recently dropped the “D Bomb,” you may be on the fence debating whether you should hire a divorce attorney or if you should represent yourself. If you’re about to go through a divorce, here’s why you should invest in a divorce attorney.

If you are currently in a bad situation with your partner and you want to settle for divorce, you might consider getting a lawyer. When choosing a divorce attorney, there are a few factors you should consider. Experience, costs and reputation are just a few of the most important considerations.

Having a reputable attorney by your side will help ensure your interests are well-represented. Having a lawyer will also ensure that the settlement you receive is fair and your rights are protected. You will also want to know whether any loopholes in the law may result in an unfair settlement.

How to Choose the Right Divorce Attorney

You may be reluctant to hire an attorney for many reasons such as trust and associated costs, but without one, you may find yourself facing costly repercussions. Divorce is no simple feat, so having a good relationship with your divorce attorney can make the process so much easier. Maintaining good communication with your attorney will only help you in the long run.

If you live in the state of Illinois and are in need of legal representation for a family law matter, look no further. Here’s what you need to know about working with Masters Law Group in 2023.

Working With Reliable Lawyers

Reliability is key when it comes to working with a divorce lawyer. When looking at your options for lawyers, pay attention to how they communicate with you. It’s important to develop a positive rapport with your lawyer, as most divorces take several months to settle. 

Throughout the divorce process, you’ll have an array of questions, concerns, or disputes you’ll want to take care of. As such, you’ll want someone on your side who will alleviate your stress, address your concerns, and answer your questions to the best of their ability.

When we first meet with our clients, we ask them what they hope to achieve from their divorce and how they would like to feel after it is complete. We then carefully discuss their goals so that we can provide the best legal representation possible. We offer complimentary consultations so that you can get a feel for our firm before deciding whether or not we are right for you!

Google Reviews and Client Testimonials

Word of mouth advertising has always had a leg up in certain markets. For the law industry, hear-say isn’t always credible. But looking at client testimonials and reviews of previous clients that have worked for a law firm can be extremely beneficial.

Lawyers that provide high quality services will have more clients who are willing to share their experiences with other potential clients. The law industry is no different from any other when it comes to word of mouth advertising.

If you want to get a better idea about a certain law firm, then it is important that you take some time to look at client testimonials and reviews of previous clients that have worked with your lawyer. A great tool and resource is google reviews. When you type in a business name, the reviews automatically pop-up. Another way to look for testimonials is by checking out their website.

At Masters Law Group, we are fortunate to have a great relationship with many of our clients. Our reviews and testimonials truly bear witness to our commitment to our clients.

We believe that each client deserves a legal team that will be willing to go the extra mile for them. We will always provide you with honest advice and guidance on all matters related to your case.

Client Reviews:

“Erin Masters and Anthony Joseph are an amazing duo. They helped me get through my divorce. In the words of my newly ex husband “your lawyer looks like a shark.” You’re damn right they are. They will go as far as you need them to go with any battle you are going through and I love that about them. I would recommend them to anyone in need of incredible lawyers who are not only knowledgeable but keep every aspect of the process very real. Anthony and Erin thank you very much for handling my case. You are very much appreciated!”

-Bianca 

Divorce Client

 

“Masters Law Group was incredibly helpful with my divorce. Erin and Anthony were a pleasure, very responsive, efficient, and very knowledgeable. I always felt that my case was in good hands and it was a relief to trust them with the process. I highly recommend Masters Law Group to anyone needing help with a family law matter.”

-Luz

Divorce Client

A Little Bit About Masters Law Group

Recognized Best Law Firms 2023 by Best Lawyers® and U.S. News & World Report, Masters law group is located in Chicago, Illinois and handles family law matters in Cook county and other surrounding areas. They concentrate in areas such as divorce, allocation of parental responsibilities, and other family law matters. 

Masters Law Group is highly esteemed and well respected by peer review publications such as Best Lawyers, Super Lawyers, and Leading Lawyers. Our Lawyers Erin E. Masters and Anthony Joseph have been recognized by such prestigious publications numerous times. This not only speaks volume about their work–but also their character.

Having an attorney who is respected by their peers is a testament to both their work ethic and their character. When you’re facing a legal issue, having someone you can trust on your side makes all the difference.

Working with Masters Law Group in 2023

Here at Masters Law Group LLC, we’re committed to helping you achieve the best outcome in your case. With a long history of awarded recognitions in Family Law, we have a unique depth of knowledge, experience, and talent in the Family Law and Divorce field.

Our highly experienced divorce attorneys are dedicated to providing you with the best possible service. No matter what kind of case you may have—divorce, child custody or relocation—we will work tirelessly to help you get the results you deserve. We have over 10 years of experience handling family law cases and we know how important it is for our clients to feel comfortable with their lawyer. That’s why we offer free consultations so that you can meet with us before deciding whether or not to hire us.

Contact us to schedule a consultation today!

Hague Convention – International Child Abduction – San Francisco

When San Francisco courts determine custody arrangements, they ultimately consider the best interests of the child involved. However, a custody agreement can get extremely complex when the issues are international. 

The Hague Convention was enacted to protect children from international abduction and to return children to their home country residence. It also includes child custody conflicts when a parent or guardian resides in a different country to the home country of the child.

If you’re in need of legal representation to protect your rights or the rights of your child, Masters Law Group can help. We can represent parents and children in a variety of complex international abduction cases. 

Here’s everything you need to know about international abduction cases and the Hague Convention in San Francisco. 

The Hague Convention

The Hague Convention is a treaty that works to help parents whose child has been wrongfully removed from or retained from their custody by enabling them to petition for the child’s return to their country of habitual residence. A number of counties have joined this treaty which was developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) and officially entered into force in December 1983. 

According to the Convention, the removal or retention of a child is “wrongful” when it breaches custody rights attributed to a person or any other body. Even if a parent already has legal custody of the child, the Convention is needed to return the child back to their habitual residence. 

The Convention’s framework allows countries to help one another find solutions for difficult custody cases where a child is abducted. This doesn’t rely on the immigration status or nationality of the child. In certain situations, a child may be wrongfully detained in another country, where they are not a resident. Violations of custodial rights happen if the child is wrongfully removed from their habitual home and are now living in a foreign country. 

Presenting a custody order is not needed to prove that a parent’s custodial rights were violated when the child was taken from their country. This can be proven by showing proof of parenthood. 

Filing a Hague Application in San Francisco

Whether or not the Hague Convention is an appropriate solution for you depends on a variety of factors. Perhaps after separating from their partner, a parent wants to take their child and move to another country. Another situation may be that a parent moved internationally in violation of a custody agreement. It’s important to know that filing a case under the Hague Convention does not automatically guarantee the child will be returned. 

To obtain the return of the child, it must be proven that:

  • The child was habitually resident in one Convention country and was removed to or retained in another Convention country.
  • The removal or retention of the child is considered wrongful and was in violation of custodial rights, and those rights were exercised at the time of removal or retention.
  • The Convention must have been in force between the two countries at the time of the wrongful removal or retention. 
  • The child is under the age of 16.

If a court decides the child must be returned to its country of habitual residence, they may make the return contingent upon certain obligations from the petitioning parents. This might include: 

  • Paying for the travel of the respondent and child to the country where the child habitually resides.
  • Arranging housing or paying for living expenses for the respondent and child in the country of the child’s habitual residence. 
  • An order that the petitioner have no contact with the respondent if the respondent returns to the country of the child’s habitual residence. 
  • An order that the petitioner will have no contact or limited contact with the child once the child returns to the country of the habitual residence. 

Getting the Legal Help You Need in San Francisco

High-stakes international child abduction cases require experienced, knowledgeable and fast-acting attorneys. Your lawyer should be ready to file a Hague Convention application and institute or defend a Hague Convention lawsuit on short notice.

Our attorneys at Masters Law Group have extensive experience in international child abduction cases.  Instead of trying to navigate international law issues alone, take advantage of the experience and knowledge of our attorneys at Masters Law Group. We are committed to vigorously representing our clients in these high-stakes proceedings. 

Contact Masters Law Group Today

The award-winning attorneys at Masters Law Group have successfully represented clients in such cases across the country and globe; including Hague cases across the United States and Internationally in New Zealand, but to name a few.

Contact us to schedule your consultation here today.

What are my Legal Rights As a Birth Parent of an Adopted Child?

Adoption, like childbirth, is a life-changing event in your life. If you are seeking to adopt a child, or if you have already started the adoption process but you are encountering legal barriers, you will need to be advised by the right legal team. Learn about a biological parent’s rights after an adoption below. 

Deciding to give up a child for adoption is a very difficult decision and definitely should not be committed until you, as the biological parent, have fully understood what this means for your parental rights. Once the adoption process is finalized, you have relinquished your parental rights and responsibilities by law. However, during the pregnancy, you have undeniable parental adoption rights throughout the adoption process. 

If you are considering adoption, it is important to know the limits of your parental rights and how they may affect you long-term. 

First, let’s discuss the rights you do have prior to the adoption, during pregnancy.

The Right to Change Your Mind at Any Time

Prior to completing any adoption paperwork, the birth mother has a legal right to change her mind at any point in the process. This means you will always have the option to parent your child, whether you change your mind early in pregnancy, after you’ve met the adoptive parents, or even after you’ve given birth, as long as no paperwork has been completed. Your adoption specialist will respect these inherent legal rights you have as the biological parent. 

The Right to Create Your Own Adoption Plan and Choose the Adoptive Family

As the birth mother, you have the right to create your own adoption plan from start to finish. You will have an adoption specialist with you to support and help you through the process, but you should never be forced into making decisions you’re not comfortable with. Once of the decisions you also get to decide is if it’s going to be an open or closed adoption. With open adoption, you also have the right to choose the family that you wish to place your child with. Normally, your adoption specialist will thoroughly discuss with you what your desires for the adoptive family are, and show you profiles of families who meet those preferences. 

Additionally, you will be able to meet with and get to know the prospective families. You can take as long as you need to find the family you believe is the right fit for your child. 

The Right to Choose Your Post-Placement Relationship

Another factor in open adoptions is choosing the contact you want to have with the adoptive family before and after the adoption is complete. While you have no legal parental rights after you give up your child for adoption, open adoption allows you to remain a part of your child’s life. Your adoption specialist helps coordinate communication to make sure the adoptive family maintains their communication with you. 

The points discussed above dealt with rights parents have prior to the adoption being finalized, but following the finalization, your parental rights are completely terminated. Let’s discuss what this means and if there are other options. 

Voluntary vs Involuntary Termination

Generally, birth parents have the right to choose what’s in the best interest of their children, this includes the difficult decision of adoption. When parents choose to offer their child for adoption, they are voluntarily terminating their parental rights. Alternatively, when birth parents are forced to terminate their parental rights, it’s known as an involuntary termination. This can determine how the adoption moves forward and the long-term situation. 

Before voluntary termination can take place, one or both parents must legally consent to the adoption. Most states require this to be done in writing and before a judge or court-appointed person. 

There are other times when birth parents’ rights are terminated involuntarily. For this to take place, someone must be going on that endangers the well-being of the child. Common occurrences include:

  • Child abuse or neglect
  • Abandonment
  • Mental illness
  • Incapacity based on alcohol or drug use 
  • Conviction of a crime by the parent

Timing 

The exact moment the birth parents’ rights are terminated depends on the state, but can range from immediately after the child’s birth to 30 days after. Terminating birth parents’ rights is a serious matter and most states have very strict timing requirements that must be set and agreed to prior to the termination. 

Visitation Rights

Following the adoption, the adoptive parents have sole authority to decide on visitation rights. If they feel it’s in the best interest of the child, they may enable a healthy relationship with the birth family. 

Although, if a post-placement relationship was agreed upon and put into the paperwork, you have the authority to choose what kind of relationship you wish to have with your child. 

It’s important to note that, generally, adoptive parents are not required to communicate with birth parents after the adoption. The only exceptions being severe illness or death. 

Free Counseling for Birth Parents

Every birth parent has the right to counseling during both the pregnancy and following the adoption. This can help a lot of mothers and fathers cope with emotional and physical trauma. Birth mothers are at a much greater risk of experiencing depression due to the negative feelings of guilt and shame. Which makes pre-adoption counseling very beneficial for all parties involved. 

Revoking Consent

In most states, consent to adoption is irrevocable since consent is meant to be a lasting and building agreement to help ensure a stable environment for the child. Although, in extreme cases, some states allow for revoking consent to adoption, usually only before the adoption has been finalized. Some situations include; 

  • Fraud or coercion was involved
  • The state allows a set period of time for revoking consent
  • The state determines the revocation is in the best interest of the child
  • The birth parents and adoptive parents mutually agree

Can Adoptive Parents Cut Off Acces?  

The current trend for adoptions seems to be to allow open adoptions that encourage a relationship between birth and adoptive parents. Unfortunately, if the adoptive parents do not want them in the child’s life, there is not much you can do as a birth parent. Again, this is why it’s important to enter a visitation agreement into the paperwork. 

Final Thoughts

Adoption is a lifelong commitment and a permanent decision. Once you have given consent and signed the paperwork, it’s extremely difficult to go back. That’s why it’s so important to work with a legal team that understands these kinds of situations and knows just what to do. Our award-winning attorneys at Masters Law Group have seen it all and can help create solutions right for you. We’re here to help guide you through these difficult times. 

If you need help with any family law issues, reach out today.

Beaming With Pride: Illinois Civil Unions

With just two days left of Pride Month, Masters Law Group looks back at the history of LGBTQ rights, as well as the legalities of Civil Unions in our great state of Illinois. 

June is widely celebrated as Pride Month to the world. The month of June commemorates the 1969 Stonewall uprising in New York City when LGBT people stood up against police brutality and injustice and demanded fair treatment for all. LGBT people and their allies celebrate accomplishments achieved since Stonewall, but they also advocate for what needs to be done in order to secure full equal rights.

Anti-LGBT discrimination and violence are unfortunatley still rampant. Marriage equality still remains an issue at the forefront of Pride. What better way to close out Pride Month than with love and acceptance. Here’s what you need to know about Illinois Civil Unions.

What is a Civil Union?

Civil unions allow two adults, of either the same or opposite sex, to enter into a legally recognized relationship.

Civil unions first became legal in Illinois on June 1, 2011. A civil union is a legal relationship granted by the State of Illinois. A common misconception is that civil unions are only for same sex-couples. Both same-sex and opposite-sex couples who are in committed relationships can enter into a civil union in Illinois. Partners who enter into a civil union in Illinois are entitled to the same legal obligations, responsibilities, protections, and benefits that state law provides to married spouses. 

It is important to note that civil unions entered into in Illinois are not recognized under federal laws. Partners to a civil union in Illinois are entitled to almost none of the obligations, responsibilities, protections, and benefits that federal law provides to married spouses. 

Civil Union Guidelines

You can enter into a civil union in Illinois if you are a same-sex or opposite-sex couple in a committed relationship. You and your partner must both be at least 18 years old (or with the sworn consent of your parents or legal guardians if you are 16 or 17 years old) and neither of you can already be in a marriage, civil union, or substantially similar legal relationship.

If you are 16 or 17 years old, you may enter into a civil union in Illinois if your parents or legal guardians appear before the county clerk when you apply for a civil union license, provide valid identification, and give sworn consent to you entering into a civil union. 

Illinois also does not allow civil unions between close relatives. Illinois law prohibits you from entering into a civil union if you or your partner are currently married or in a civil union or substantially similar legal relationship. To enter into a civil union, your prior marriage, civil union, or substantially similar legal relationship must either be dissolved or your previous spouse or civil union partner must have died. 

What Happens if We Enter into a Civil Union and Our Relationship Later Ends? 

If you enter into a civil union in Illinois, and later divorce or become legally separated, you will need to apply for dissolution of the civil union before the court can end your legal relationship. If you and/or your partner move to another state after entering into a civil union in Illinois, the courts of that state may dissolve your civil union. If your civil union cannot be dissolved by the courts in the state of your residence, it can be dissolved by an Illinois state court.

 The dissolution of civil unions follows the same procedures and is subject to the same rights and obligations that are involved in dissolving marriages. Illinois law will dissolve a civil union if either you or your partner establish grounds for dissolving the union, or if you have lived apart for at least two years and can establish that the union must be dissolved due to irreconcilable differences.

It is important to dissolve your civil union when the relationship ends. If you do not, your legal relationship with your civil union partner will continue.

Do You Need a Family Law Attorney for Your Civil Union? 

At Masters Law Group, we are committed to providing exceptional, individualized services to clients in civil union disputes. Our firm has extensive experience in this area of family law. We handle family law matters in civil unions and same-sex marriages, providing legal representation for clients throughout the state of Illinois. 

Whether you want to form a civil union or are in need of a civil union dissolution, we will take the time to fully understand your situation and provide honest advice regarding your options. Contact us here today to schedule a consultation.